Sociology of Childhood - 3671 Words

How the concept of Childhood has evolved over time For this assignment I will explore the concept of childhood and how this has evolved over time across different societies, looking particularly at the role education has in childhood. I will also take a closer look at the different sociological perspectives of childhood and will use these to interpret children’s experiences in order to gain a greater understanding and knowledge of early childhood. I will explore how certain constraints of childhood have emerged over time and how these have shaped our knowledge and understating of children’s lives. What is childhood and when does it end? â€Å"Childhood is a period of growth, that is to say, the period in which the individual, in both the†¦show more content†¦There are many socialisation theories that try to make sense of our socialisation process. â€Å"A socialisation theory is that, we are in effect, produced in childhood by social conditioning. It is only through this process that we become social, and because human beings are essentially social animals, this means that it is only through this process that we become fully human. More specifically we are socialised into understanding and accepting the conventional norms and values of our particular society, and becoming part of a culture; we are socialised into our particular roles, social status and social class; and according to some our own individual personality is also the result of the socialisation process.† (Maynard amp; Thomas, an introduction to Early Childhood studies, 2nd edition, Page 35) I will explore one of these theories in greater detail order to gain a wider understanding of children’s experiences. Rudolph Scaffer... Anthropologists have been particularly interested in the ways in which children are believed to play an active part in their socialisation. There are many questions that have been raised because of this – * Is a child’s personality preformed, unfolding as they get older? * Or is a child like a piece of clay, moulded by the adults? * Do children haveShow MoreRelatedSociology- Childhood1064 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood itself is a slightly ambiguous term, and is not a fixed definite period of life. The book â€Å"AS level sociology† written by Rob webb, Hal Westergaard, Kieth Trobe and Liz Steel defines childhood as â€Å" a socially defined age status† going on to say that there are major differences in how childhood is defined, both historically, and culturally, similarly, Stephen Wagg says of childhood; â€Å"childhood is socially constructed. It is in other words, what members of particular societies, at particularRead MoreThe Basic Tenets of the New Sociology of Childhood2746 Words   |  11 PagesDiscuss the basic tenants and evaluate the utility of the new sociology of childhood in gaining a better understanding of young people. Childhood is the age span ranging from birth to adolescence and its non-specific for it can imply a varying range of years in human development reference. The age ranges anywhere from 12 years to 15years with 18years being most common. Previous research done by sociologists focused on children primarily in termsRead MoreCollege Program Entry Essay: Sociology and Childhood Education556 Words   |  2 PagesMy attraction to this course is rooted in the fascination I have for sociology; I am captivated by its ability to make me see life more critically and impartially. For me, Sociology uses engaging ideas linking with my interest in the structure of society and its influence on our actions, as these topics are applicable to everyday life. Learning about the inner workings of society is something I enjoy and I find various sociological theories interesting and thought provoking; I take pleasure in applyingRead MoreSocial Construction of Childhood Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesAmeric an, British and continental writers (Burr, 1995). However, in childhood studies this notion appears later on. It is mostly held universally, childhood is a stage that biologically existing in human life in early years. It should be considered this childhood is constructed in the society. As a social being, it brings into the mind the relationship between society and child, inevitably. However, the dominant understanding of childhood attributes biological and social development, as figurative symbolsRead MoreChildhood: The Happiest Time of a Persons Life, or Not?877 Words   |  4 Pages Is Childhood the Happiest Time of a Persons Life? Psychology is the study of the operation, development, and disorders of human mental processes. In simple words it is the science of human thinking and behavior. The word psychology originated from the ancient Greek words â€Å"psyche† which means soul and â€Å"logos† which means science. (etymonline.com, n.d.) It literally means the science of the soul. Psychology has diverse disciplines which are closely related to all aspects of life, andRead MoreEthnography And Its Difference From Other Research Methods1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess to go sufficiently to obtain the truthful answers of childers perspective. Another method I would use is part of the non traditional method of allowing the child to be part of the research process which is identified under the new sociology of childhood. The method of allowing children to be part of a research is an interesting method because it allows children to be co producers of the research process.This process allows researchers to access other information that they would not be ableRead MoreWhat I Have Learned From A Social Theory Class1240 Words   |  5 PagesMead Cooley In this sociology paper I will present what I have learned from this social theory class. We learned about many miraculous theorists such as Karl Marx, Auguste Comete, Herb Spencer, Emile Durkheim and many more theorists. I will present what I have learned by comparing and contrasting George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley. This paper will examine what both of these great theorists studied, some of their background info and theory. George Herbert Mead George Herbert MeadRead MoreThe Determinants Of Child Poverty Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesGaelle Einsweiler and Jaclyn Perlman Mrs.Taylor/Period 1 Sociology Accelerated October 6, 2016 Determinants of Child Poverty in the US For our first sociology project, we decided to broaden our knowledge and intellectual curiosity on child poverty in the United States today. We chose this study and topic because we believe that this topic is of national importance and must be addressed and studied at the county level, as well. This is an issue that we can see and directly relate to in our own stateRead MoreHarriet Martineau, The Founding Mother Of Sociology924 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Martineau, emerged as the founding mother of sociology. Inspired by Auguste Comte’s perspectives on positivism, Martineau advocated the use of scientific method and logic in sociological findings. She brought her sociological thought and studies to the United States and added a feminist voice to the field; calling for suffrage and education, she used applied sociology to advocate for change (Diniejko, 2010). Before Harriet Martineau, sociology was a field dominated by men, but her education andRead MoreStatus And Social St atus1271 Words   |  6 PagesRegardless of conflicts or strains, roles define how a person with a certain status should carry their self and the status defines how people in society interact with them. The interactions we have based on status and roles are a part of our lives from childhood through to adulthood. We are born with the ascribed status of man or woman, eventually man and woman may marry and achieve the status of husband and wife. If we choose to become a parents, husband and wife also become father and mother and the

Bourdieus Theory of Cultural Capital - 990 Words

Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital has been extremely influential, and has garnered a great deal of literature, both theoretical and empirical. Like Marx, Bourdieu posited that capital was the foundation of social life and dictated people’s position within the social hierarchy (Bourdieu 1986). According to Bourdieu, the more capital one possesses, the more prestigious a position one occupies in social life (Bourdieu 1986). In addition to that, Bourdieu extended Marx’s idea of capital beyond the economic and into cultural symbolism (Bourdieu 1986). Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital that refers to the collection of symbolic elements (e.g. skills, tastes, clothing) one acquires through being part of a particular social niche and his concept of habitus that refers to the physical manifestation of cultural capital owned by individuals due to life experiences are his major influential concepts that are very useful in deconstructing power in development a nd social change processes. However it must be recognized that these concepts also propagate social inequalities at the same time. This essay will closely examine his concepts of capital that comes in three forms - embodied, objectified, and institutionalised, and habitus in the fields of education and stratification have made of it. Bourdieu’s work will be analysed in the context both of the debate on class inequalities in educational attainment and of class reproduction in advanced capitalist societies. An importantShow MoreRelatedSocial Class And The Self1502 Words   |  7 Pagesdo this by examining the theories of social class and examining them against Bourdieu’s work. The two main theorists on the idea of social class are Karl Marx and Max Weber. Marx based his theory on the idea that there are only two social classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The bourgeoisie being the capitalist upper classes such as factory and business owners who exploit and dominate the mindless proletariat (lower or working class). ‘In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individualityRead MoreBourdieu Marx And Durkheim, Political Economy With Cultural Studies Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesBourdieu connects Marx with Durkheim, political economy with cultural studies. He distinguishes cultural production from other economic manufactory field using the interlocking conceptual tools of field, habitus and capital. The conceptual categories Bourdieu brought to cultural analysis have since shaped the study of what I find valuable to my analysis. Bourdieu described media, art, academic settings, and various areas of intellectual production, as fields tha t appear to be autonomous. HoweverRead MoreThe Field Of The Investigative Journalism1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn this article, Bourdieu proposes that the television has impacted the journalistic field in a wider and strong way that other cultural transformations did before within the cultural field. Doing so, says Bourdieu, television and journalistic field have also triggered transformations in other fields upon which journalism has an impact. As it is performed, the journalistic field tends to reinforce the economic (commercial) field instead of the pure one. Following Bourdieu, the journalistic fieldRead MoreSocial Capital And Cultural Capital1264 Words   |  6 PagesAfter cultural capital and cultural arbitrary, then, comes the third capital, which Bourdieu’s theory terms habitus. Habitus is a term, which is similar to cultural capital because they are transmitted from home: â€Å"Like cultural capital, habitus is transmitted within the home† (Sullivan 149). How ever, there is a dissimilarity concerning cultural capital and habitus: â€Å"†¦ whereas cultural capital consists of the possession of legitimate knowledge, habitus is a set of attitudes and values, and the dominantRead MoreBourdieus Theory Of Cultural Development1606 Words   |  7 PagesPierre Bourdieu’s cultural reproduction has transformed as well as influenced the literature field, following Alice Sullivan’s statement on the successful results of Bourdieu s theory: â€Å"Bourdieu s theory of cultural reproduction has been highly influential, and has generated a great deal of literature, both theoretical and empirical† (144). According to Bourdieu’s theory, based on his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, makes the declaration that higher levels of educationRead MoreDISCUSS THE RELEVANCE OF BOURDIEU1339 Words   |  6 PagesRELEVANCE OF BOURDIEU’S CULTURAL CAPITAL CONCEPT IN EXPLAINING EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT IN ZIMBABWE. EMAIL ADDRESS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦jasbro66@gmail.com MARK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... COMMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DISCUSS THE RELEVANCE OF BOURDIEU’S CULTURAL CAPITAL CONCEPT IN EXPLAINING EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT IN ZIMBABWE. The concept of cultural capital originates inRead MoreAin t No Makin By Jay Mcleod960 Words   |  4 PagesIn Jay McLeod’s influential book, Ain’t No Makin’ It (2009), he discovers new sociological theories and social reproduction through his research over many years. Through social reproduction McLeod shows us how education’s role gets passed down from one generation to the next from class inequality. He claims that aspirations/lack of aspirations is being reproduced. He deeply examines two resident groups of male youths that have opposing views on what their aspirations are in life. McLeod alsoRead MoreCultural Studies: What is Subjectivity? Essays1126 Words   |  5 Pagessubjective towards other people. People have different opinions because not everyone was raised the same, and they were brought up with the same surroundings or influences. Performance and performativity are completely different concepts in terms of cultural studies, they both play a major role in people’s lives and how it constructs them to become subjective throughout their lives. There are four key ways to examine ‘to perform’ which are: being, doing, showing doing and explaining showing doing. BeingRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Space1352 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork of relations among the objective positions within it. The occupants of these positions may be either agents or institutions and they are both constrained by the structure of the field (Ritzer, 2004). Economic capital, which relates the economy of the state, and cultural capital, which involves various kinds of acceptable knowledge are two principles of differentiation which determine social space classifications. Accordingly, social space is constructed in such a way that agents are distributedRead MoreSociolotical Analysis of Fashion Essay example1263 Words   |   6 Pagesstrengthen and reproduce their social status within a specific class through the use of cultural and social capital. Social capital is defined as one’s association with important connections or involvement within society whereas cultural capital is outlined as an individual’s level of knowledge, experiences and education. He argues that social capital and cultural capital is equally essential to that of economic capital which can be used to separate themselves from certain castes. Bourdieu uses the notion

Importance of Art in the Society Free Essays

Art brings beauty into our world. Art is important because it makes our world a better place. It also brings a sense of enjoyment and pleasure. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Art in the Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Art allows for the expression of truth and beliefs. Some art challenges our beliefs. Other works affirm our faith. Art is an important tool in causing us to examine our beliefs in light of an artists’ rendition or perception of truth. Art has the ability to transport us to a different time and place. It allows us to gain historical perspective and understanding. Art allows us to appreciate different periods in history and their impact and significance in our world. Art immortalizes people, places, and events. Artists create a visual record of life experiences commemorating the memorable and challenging social injustices, such as slavery and abuses, in time. Artists serve as historians in this role, documenting life on canvass, photography, or sculpture. Art may be used to express chaos and misunderstanding, or to establish order from what appears to be chaos. Art helps us organize our world. It is one means by which we understand our society and culture, and the society and cultures of others. Art is important as an intellectual stimulant. A good artist advances culture and civilization by provoking thought, introspection, and discussion. Art triggers emotions. Subject, color, and texture are used by artist to evoke feelings. In this way art can serve as a catharsis, or help us uncover feelings of which we were previously unaware. Art has the intrinsic ability to elevate the commonplace. It lifts the viewer beyond the confines of reality and into another world, such as the use of art to express fantasy. Sometimes art provides pure escapism, such as cartoons and comics. Other art allows us to juxtapose fantasy and reality, creating a world in which the artist wished we lived. Art communicates across all cultures, tells the stories of the past and present, and inspires minds, both young and old, to do beautiful things. How to cite Importance of Art in the Society, Papers

Definition of Materiality Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Definition of Materiality Behaviour. Answer: Definition of materiality As per the definition given by The International Accounting Standards Committee under the framework of presentation and preparation of the financial statement, the information will be considered as material if the misstatement or omission can influence economic decisions of the users that is taken depending on the financial statement. The term materiality depends on size of error of item that is judged under specific circumstances of the misstatement or omission (Edgley, Jones Atkins, 2015). Therefore, the materiality offers cut-off point or threshold and not just the primary quantitative characteristic that the information shall have to be useful. To be more specific, the term materiality is characterised by rate of acceptable error and degrees of the irregularities under the information that is used for the purpose of audit. Materiality can influence the behaviour and decisions of users of information that is included in financial statement. There are 3 types of materiality that are different from each other. These are Materiality by the nature this kind of materiality is determined through evaluation of the elements of client information and its presentation is very crucial for financial statement users (Budescu, Peecher Solomon, 2012). It is further determined through the situation where strong interest of the public is there owing to importance and nature of information. Materiality by the value this kind of materiality is determined as the percentage of expenditure, revenue or as absolute value or clients asset value or clients liabilities value (Christensen, Glover Wood, 2012). Materiality by the context this kind of materiality is determined through evaluation of the information that may not be material by the nature or value but is crucial due to circumstance under which it emerges and its probabilities, the possible consequences it may have and the misuse and fraud that may occur due to this (Stewart Kinney Jr, 2012). Computation of materiality Various benchmarks are there that can be chosen for computing the materiality and the range for percentage of materiality that can be used while computing materiality (Keune Johnstone, 2012). ISA 320 specifically does not mention the percentage ranges that can be taken as materiality and it depends on the judgement of the auditor (Pentland Singh, 2012). However, commonly used percentages are as follows Total asset 1% to 2% Revenue 0.5% to 1% Profit after tax 5% to 10% Net assets 2% to 5% For example, if the revenue of ABC Pvt. Ltd for the year ended 31st December 2017 is $ 15,000 and based on the last years assessment the level of materiality is 1% of revenue, then materiality will be ($ 15,000 * 1%) = $ 150. Review for the technique of materiality application ISA 450 on evaluation of the misstatements is recognized during audit while dealing with the responsibility of the auditors for analysing the impact of recognized misstatement and the uncorrected misstatement on financial misstatement, if any (Kunellis, 2013). It deals with the following issues Accumulating the misstatement while conducting audit the auditor shall accumulated the misstatement recognized while conducting audit except those that are not significant. The auditor may assign a benchmark under which the misstatement amount in independent statement will be insignificant (Eilifsen Messier Jr, 2014). It will be helpful if the small misstatements are avoided for recording. Therefore, the auditors set the benchmark for considering materiality. For determining the benchmark limit the auditors use their professional judgement, considering their experience regarding the company (Libby Brown, 2012). For example, generally the auditor considers the range of 5% of the overall materiality to be appropriate based on the experience of last year. Therefore, the amount beyond 5% of the overall materiality may be justified by the auditor based on their judgement. If larger history for misstatement is found, the amount close to the bottom line of range will be appropriate for r educing the risk that can be aggregated to high level that will be reportable to the management. Categorising the misstatement as per their nature auditors evaluate the impact of misstatement and then communicate the misstatement to the management. It assists to segregate various misstatements into projected, factual and judgemental misstatement. The factual misstatements are those where there is no doubt regarding misstatement. For example, invoice recorded in accounting records at $ 10,000 instead of $ 15,000. Judgemental misstatements are those where the differences generated from managements judgement that includes areas regarding measurement, recognition, disclosure and presentation(CHI? Achim, 2014). It further includes the application or selection of the accounting policies that are considered inappropriate or unreasonable. For example, if appropriate range for provision on obsolete inventory is ranged between $ 50,000 and $ 60,000 and the company provided provision for $ 40,000, then the judgemental misstatement will be amounted to ($ 50,000 - $ 40,000) = $ 10,000. The projected misstatements are those which are based on the best estimates of the auditors regarding misstatement in the population. It includes the audit samples with regard to total population from which samples are generated. Evaluating materiality of the misstatement various issues are there that are required to be considered and includes qualitative assessment, offsetting of misstatement, misclassification of balance sheet, disclosure of misstatement and effect of un-rectified misstatements associated with the prior periods. An example for evaluating the materiality for misstatement is that misstatement may be there with regard to expenses and revenue that are misstated individually that exceeds the amount of overall materiality(Moroney Trotman, 2016). However, the net effect on the profit before paying tax is not material. If the auditor determines the overall materiality through taking into consideration the PBT as benchmark, it is unlikely that the misstatement in individual accounts will not be material. The auditors shall carefully think regarding whether the views of the user can be affected if expenses and revenues are restated. Taking into consideration the effect of misstatement on audit after identifying the misstatements during audit procedure, the auditor shall assess the effect of overall audit plant and strategy. These strategies include understanding the reason for misstatement and evaluating the risk for further unidentified misstatements(Czerney, Schmidt Thompson, 2014). For example, suppose in a situation where the auditor has determined the overall materiality amounted to $ 100,000. During audit, judgemental and factual misstatements are recognized; the impact for that on PBT is amounted to $ 90,000. The auditors did not consider the amount lower than overall materiality. However, how the auditors will be sure about further undetected misstatement is matter of judgement? Here in the given circumstance, the auditor shall use the performance materiality for performing and planning the audit that will offer some allowances for undetected misstatements. It will assist the auditors in assuring that the factual misstatements are rectified. Case Studies of Risk faced by Auditor There are various instances where it is seen that the risks which arises due to material misstatements are in most cases reasons for material misstatements. The material misstatements which arises during the course of audit are in most cases reasons due to which auditor issues qualified report and also adverse report in some cases. Material misstatements are determined by their importance, occurrence or value (Knechel Salterio, 2016). Material misstatements are reasons for which in many cases frauds and error takes place. The cases studies as given below depicts similar results and also reviews the risks which are associated with material misstatements: AB Cable Incorporation: ABCable, Inc. is a publicly traded cable provider. The services which are provided by AB Cable are cable services, which includes television, Internet access and local telephone service. The revenue of the company has increased, however the income of the company started to decline. The reasons for the declining incomes of the company was due to the high maintenance costs which was associated with cable lines especially in newly coverage areas.The management of the company decided to transfer such cable maintenance cost to Capitalized Cable Account. The management of the company recognized these expenses on a quarterly basisas per the needs and requirements of the business. The is considered as a significant misstatement which can also be treated as fraudulent activities. These transactions must have been treated as expenses and therefore the financial statement was misstated. Rocky Mountain Electric: In the case of Rocky Mountain Electric, the company has two stores which was one main store and a branch store. The senior auditor of the company looked after the audit process of main store and an accountant under the senior auditor was sent for the audit of branch store. It was discovered that a material amount of $ 100,000 was in excess of adjustments which is significantly material amount. An enquiry was made into the situation and it revealed that the branch store was engaged in unethical activities. The material misstatement was in account receivable ledger and sales ledger. The subledger balances of the store did not match the general ledger balances. It was revealed that the manager of the branch store was stealing money from the customers on accounts. The fraud was revealed due to the materiality of the amount which was out of balance. Welco Company: In a case study analysis of Welco company which revealed a material misstatement in the receipt for a transaction. The transaction was personal dinner with a client which costed as per the receipt an amount of $ 750. On close scrutiny it was revealed that the amount on the receipt waschanged and the actual amount charged was $ 150. In this case the person swapped the digit 1 with 7 and thus it resulted in material misstatement. Further reviewing of the records revealed that similar work was done in relation to previous two dinners earlier. In this case the auditor was of the opinion that the amount involved in the misstatement was not material enough to affect the financial statements and thus the investors or stakeholders of the business. However, the nature of the misstatement can be considered to be significant. This is case where fraud existed, however it was the opinion of the auditor that in a company which has a net worth of certain million, a fraud occurrence o f few thousand dollars was not material enough to be reported against in the case. Fred Stern and Company: The company was engaged in in importing business of rubber. The auditors of the company had issued an unqualified report as it was discovered that the company had falsified journal entries which had overstated the account receivable accounts. The accounts receivable was overstated by such an amount which was materially significant and affect the investment decisions of the shareholders of the company. The auditing firm was sued by a third party as they had issued money to the company for business purposes. Recommendations The primary consideration of any auditor is not to detect material misstatements which are associated with the financial statements of the company but to provide an overall view of fairness and accountability of the financial statements. The auditor however needs to detect such material misstatements as a financial statement which is showing true and fair view should be free of such material misstatements(Carcello, 2012). While conducting an audit, the auditor is able to detect material misstatements but not all of them are identified which are the reasons due to which detection risks arises. Another audit risk which contributes to material misstatements is control risks which arises due to weakness in internal control structure of the company. The judgement of materiality is entirely on the auditor and therefore there is always a chance of risks associated with the audit.There are two kinds of material misstatement which generally arises during a course of audit which are qualitativ e and quantitative misstatements. Qualitative consideration that is totally depended on the judgement of the auditor also is taken on the importance or significance of the transaction (Legoria, Melendrez Reynolds, 2013). For example, any transaction which affects the going concern principle of the company will be considered to material misstatement if the same is not disclosed in the financial statements. On the other hand, quantitative misstatements refer to misstatements of those transactions which are of significant value and an over or understatement of the figures can drastically change the financial data of the annual report and thereby mislead the potential shareholders. In order to avoid the risks which can arise fromsuch material misstatements, the following recommendations are given below: In many circumstances, certain transactions are repetitive in nature and such are considered to be material as they are regular in occurrence. In order to identify the transactions or area which are recurring in nature the auditor needs to review prior years audit documentation if any, go through journals, ledgers, adjustment entries and pin-point any uncorrected audit differences. The auditor must also check how such a area impacts the financial statements. Once such transactions are identified the risks which is associated with material misstatement will be minimized (Ruhnke Schmidt, 2014). The auditor needs to ensure that the company has a strong internal control system and proper structure. The auditor can identify the weaknesses in the internal control system and advise the management on what improvements can be brought in the internal control system of the company (Foster Shastri, 2013). In this way, the auditor will be able to minimize any control risks and also adhere to rectifying future cases of material misstatements. The auditor can perform detailed audit procedure and collect as much audit evidences which can reveal the material misstatements which are present in the financial statements of the company (Lobo Zhao, 2013). Besides collecting audit evidences, the auditor must maintain a detailed documentation for future reference. In the detailed analysis of the financial statements, the auditor will be applying analytical procedures, vouching and verifications, compliance procedures, external confirmations with the related parties of the transaction. These procedures help the auditor to take into consideration both the qualitative and quantitative aspect of the misstatements. In additions to this, the auditor is able to apply better judgement in deciding whether an item is material or not for the consideration of audit (Mala Chand, 2015). These procedures will minimize the risks associated with material misstatements. In certain cases, there are misstatements which arises due to judgemental difference between the judgement of the management on accounting treatment and between the consideration of the auditor. In such a situation the auditor needs to ensure that there is a proper communication between the auditor and the client about the different treatments and policies following which the management has prepared the financial statements (Ettredge, Fuerherm Li, 2014). The management can provide information to the auditor about the policies which it has followed by management representations. Such judgemental difference often leads to material misstatement getting undetected by the auditor. For example, in some cases the management might not disclose certain expenses due to the policies of the organisation however such expenses might be material enough to be disclosed as per the auditors judgement. The auditor needs to determine and identify such difference and the material misstatement which aris es from such differences. The auditor will also advise the management on the weakness of the policies and structure of the management. References Budescu, D. V., Peecher, M. E., Solomon, I. (2012). The joint influence of the extent and nature of audit evidence, materiality thresholds, and misstatement type on achieved audit risk.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(2), 19-41. Carcello, J. V. (2012). What do investors want from the standard audit report?.The CPA Journal,82(1), 22. CHI?, A. O., Achim, A. M. (2014). Professional Judgement. The Key To A Successful Audit.SEA: Practical Application of Science,2(3). Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., Wood, D. A. (2012). Extreme estimation uncertainty in fair value estimates: Implications for audit assurance.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), 127-146. Czerney, K., Schmidt, J. J., Thompson, A. M. (2014). Does auditor explanatory language in unqualified audit reports indicate increased financial misstatement risk?.The Accounting Review,89(6), 2115-2149. Edgley, C., Jones, M. J., Atkins, J. (2015). The adoption of the materiality concept in social and environmental reporting assurance: A field study approach.The British Accounting Review,47(1), 1-18. Eilifsen, A., Messier Jr, W. F. (2014). Materiality guidance of the major public accounting firms.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(2), 3-26. Ettredge, M., Fuerherm, E. E., Li, C. (2014). Fee pressure and audit quality.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(4), 247-263. Foster, B. P., Shastri, T. (2013). Material internal control weaknesses and earnings management in the post-SOX environment.Journal of Applied Business Research,29(1), 183. Keune, M. B., Johnstone, K. M. (2012). Materiality judgments and the resolution of detected misstatements: The role of managers, auditors, and audit committees.The Accounting Review,87(5), 1641-1677. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016).Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Kunellis, A. (2013). PraktischeAnwendung der ISA in DeutschlandDas Konzept der Wesentlichkeit (ISA 320 und ISA 450).Die Wirtschaftsprfung,66(16), 791-804. Legoria, J., Melendrez, K. D., Reynolds, J. K. (2013). Qualitative audit materiality and earnings management.Review of Accounting Studies,18(2), 414-442. Libby, R., Brown, T. (2012). Financial statement disaggregation decisions and auditors' tolerance for misstatement.The Accounting Review,88(2), 641-665. Lobo, G. J., Zhao, Y. (2013). Relation between audit effort and financial report misstatements: Evidence from quarterly and annual restatements.The Accounting Review,88(4), 1385-1412. Mala, R., Chand, P. (2015). Judgment and Decision?Making Research in Auditing and Accounting: Future Research Implications of Person, Task, and Environment Perspective.Accounting Perspectives,14(1), 1-50. Moroney, R., Trotman, K. T. (2016). Differences in Auditors' Materiality Assessments When Auditing Financial Statements and Sustainability Reports.Contemporary Accounting Research,33(2), 551-575. Pentland, B. T., Singh, H. (2012). Materiality: What are the consequences?.Materiality and organizing: Social interaction in a technological world, 287-295. Ruhnke, K., Schmidt, M. (2014). Misstatements in financial statements: The relationship between inherent and control risk factors and audit adjustments.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), 247-269. Stewart, T. R., Kinney Jr, W. R. (2012). Group audits, group-level controls, and component materiality: How much auditing is enough?.The Accounting Review,88(2), 707-737.