Discipline or Formal Punishment of Juveniles

Introduction The juvenile court was first implemented in 1899 based on the understanding that juveniles were different from adults and should be tried separately from adults. The juvenile court system has changed significantly since its original formation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Discipline or Formal Punishment of Juveniles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While court decisions have granted minors more rights, the proliferation of drugs and guns as well as other changing social conditions has created a rise in juvenile crime that has in turn led to tougher laws and increased the number of juvenile transfers to criminal courts. Both factors have caused the juvenile court system to behave more and more like criminal courts over the years and until now the system is almost indistinguishable from its adult counterpart. Whether one favors emphasizing rehabilitation efforts for juvenile offenders or taking the route of punishing those who break the law, both sides have expressed the opinion that the current system need to be changed. This paper looks into the problems (social, economic, and financial) experienced by the juvenile courts that make them unsuitable for handling delinquent behaviors among juveniles. It also explains why discipline rather than formal punishment is the best way to deal with juveniles. Social and Economic Problems in Juvenile Courts Regardless of the small number of teenagers in the society, the fraction of young people processed through the juvenile court and the juvenile corrections system continue to rise. This rise is owed to more official and corrective juvenile justice policies that create more court transfers and extended use of confinement and juvenile imprisonment. Declining resources in the child welfare system have driven more upsetting adolescents to the juvenile justice system. The demand for institutional beds and out-of-home residency is mounting. A case in point is the large proportions of youths held in custody in a number of large California counties pending the accessibility of foster or group home beds. Because many juvenile justice clients and their families also are served by child welfare agencies, the dwindling social service budgets lessen the juvenile court’s already scanty treatment resources (Hess, 2009). These demographic, economical and fiscal forces mean that the juvenile justice system will handle many more intensely distressed adolescents in the next couple of years. The solution to this problem would be the introduction of discipline measures such as in-home supervision rather than confinement in prisons which often lead to congestion. Congestion Problems and Dwindling Resources The nation’s experience with prisons and jails demonstrates that exclusive dependence on building new beds hardly ever solves congestion. Above and beyond problems with overloaded and out of date buildings, the juvenil e justice system faces the pressing need to employ and train new personnel. The juvenile justice system, like most corporations struggles for a declining pool of experienced workers in the subsequently two decades.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Salaries in the juvenile justice system conventionally have been lesser than similar salaries in the adult justice system and well below salaries in the profit private sector. Training funds are very limited for juvenile justice personnel (Siegel Brandon, 2008). These trends signify very difficult times at the forefront for the already stressed juvenile justice system. Some would question whether the juvenile court has any future. Escalating numbers of noninterventionist and conformist critics support the elimination of the justice system for children. With its reduced caseload of standing lawbreakers, the juvenile court has lost much of its conventional protective mission (Hess, 2009). Furthermore, the propensity to transfer very serious juvenile offenders to the adult system also has shortened the court’s workload. Brutal and Strange Punishment Proceedings concerning juvenile inmates have also dealt with the conditions of incarceration, and courts have ruled that the state of affairs in some juvenile facilities do comprise brutal and strange punishment. Another lawful issue is the question of defending children from damage and maintaining secure conditions for them while in the state’s care and detention. Centralized courts have ruled that states do have a compulsion to take sensible steps to protect children in their care from physical attacks by other inmates, and are legally responsible for non-accidental injuries sustained as a result of negligence and inaction. However, many States are faced with the predicament of gigantic costs linked with proceedings, and the rising cost of building and operatin g correctional facilities (Siegel Brandon, 2008). Proceedings are directly linked to crammed full facilities that augment the anxiety levels of inhabitants and workers who are under pressure to maintain control of a growing and diverse population of lawbreakers. Trying to maintain sufficient staffing levels and lessen personnel costs over and over again results in under-qualified and undertrained workers who may add to the risk of offensive behavior toward a diverse rising institutional population. Lack of Due Process in Juvenile Courts Juvenile courts are needed to provide a specialized venue for children and adolescents and their distinct needs, including a less threatening, less adult-oriented trial system. Because of its center of attention being to meet the needs of offenders, fatalities, and the community at large, the impartial approach to juvenile justice will possibly, provide an significant connection to more compassionate and dynamic ways of acting in response to juvenil e crime while at the same time defending community wellbeing. Critics of the juvenile courts sustain that the parents’ partial focus of the juvenile courts has led to court practices that refute juveniles the same due process protections given to adults, although the juvenile courts today function much like adults courts, and juveniles may face the same endorsement as adults (Elrod Ryder, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Discipline or Formal Punishment of Juveniles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that youths receive neither treatment nor justice in the juvenile courts. Other critics of the juvenile courts assert that they stand for a futile reaction to criminal behavior, in particular serous of brutal delinquent behavior. According to these critics, discipline is a better approach to deal with constant, serious, and cruel juvenile offenders. Alternatives to Formal Punishments Elrod Ryd er (2009) contend that the current juvenile court provides neither therapy nor justice and cannot be rehabilitated. Many juvenile courts have come to the understanding that, children rights are rarely respected and have therefore decided to launch new programs and approaches in handling any complaints related to children There are various alternative to formal punishments which include but not limited to: secure detention, counseling, advisement, mediation, or individual agreements. A juvenile is liable for detention if the administrators feel that, there is need to protect the person in question his property or that of other youths, the youth may escape, there is no adequate supervision for the youth and that the youth is not provided with proper care, or the court offer its jurisdiction regarding the youth’s detention. Regardless of the reason for detention, the hearings must be heard within seventy two hours. Secure Detention is normally used as a form of approval for prob ation infringements. The other form of detention is what is called non-secure alternative to detention. This form of detention is offered in a regional youth detention center. Under this program two services are offered, namely In-Home supervision and electronic monitoring. In-House supervision is a form of detention where youths are allowed to stay at their home and go to the court only when it is necessary. On the other hand, electronic monitoring is the use of technology to monitor juveniles leaving in the community. It is used as a second option to juvenile offenders in place of detention. Conclusion In the modern era, punishment is an important alternative for handling serious offenders and the distraction of juveniles into the adult criminal justice system has become an essential policy of juvenile justice process. At the same time, distraction of status and other less significant offenders out of the juvenile justice system is also an essential policy. The contemporary juveni le justice profile is expected to carry on through the near future. New issues and challenges are definite to arise. Present correctional troubles and anxieties will persist to be debated, and new theories will come out on how to resolve them. Conditions of incarceration are continuing issues so that congestion, management problems, and scoundrel officials will be expected to be at the heart of episodic scandals in the future.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the problem of scheming effectual treatment options will be a constantly debated issue, almost certainly well into the far-away future; it is an issue that essentially requires constant deliberation. With the problems facing the juvenile justice system, discipline rather than formal punishment stands to be the best option for treating delinquent behavior, at least, in the short term before the juvenile courts are rehabilitated. Reference List Elrod, P. Ryder S. R. (2009). Juvenile Justice: A Social, Historical, and Legal Perspective. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning Hess, K. M. (2009). Juvenile Justice. London: London: Cengage learning Siegel L. Brandon C. W. (2008). Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. London: Cengage Learning This essay on Discipline or Formal Punishment of Juveniles was written and submitted by user LieutenantMarcusStone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Social Policy Had An Impact On The Nhs Social Work Essays

How Social Policy Had An Impact On The Nhs Social Work Essays How Social Policy Had An Impact On The Nhs Social Work Essay How Social Policy Had An Impact On The Nhs Social Work Essay Howard ( 2000 pg98 ) . Despite its accomplishments and popularity since the 1980 s, the NHS has come under increasing force per unit area and strain from the conservative authoritiess which have seen it as a load on the economic system. It has come under intensive unfavorable judgment for being professionally dominated, unresponsive to consumers and internally inefficient and uneffective in the usage of resources. And as a consequence in the 1990 s the NHS and community Act semen in to force and introduced alterations that have been seen as the most extremist since the 1946 Act that created the service. Though the NHS remained revenue enhancement funded at the point of bringing, this Act recommended the debut of an internal or quasi market and the debut of a split of the NHS budget between those who purchased the services for their population and those who provide the services. The bid and control theoretical account of the NHS with the Top-down directives was replaced by a system where the local buyers ne gotiated contracts with the suppliers besides accent was placed on debut of audit system and better monitoring of public presentation. Buyers ( the territories ) determined what services they wanted and who they should be bought. This means that the trading costs were a precedence for the buyers than the quality of the services. The purpose of the conservative authorities in presenting the markets was to drive up criterions and increase answerability ( Enthoven, 1985 ) . The conservative authorities came into power in May 1979 strongly influenced by the political doctrine of the New Right authorities policy in general strongly promoted concern and private endeavor and sought to deter persons and households from yielding to welfare dependence . Reliance on the market ( non the province ) , increased the competition and to a greater pick for individuals- consumer sovereignty- were the rules which underpinned a overplus of policies during the 1980s and 1990s. Individuality was lauded over Bolshevism Dorey ( 2005: p.104 ) . Thatcher applied policies of Milton Friedman s monetarism ( 1980 ) that aimed at commanding rising prices by cut downing authorities adoption and subsidise industries through denationalization. This involved merchandising authorities funded services to companies and persons who had money to put Jenkins, ( 1987 ) . The chief purpose was to raise money and pay off the authorities debts and to better efficiency of nationalised industrie s. The National Health Service was non privatised but was reorganised into parts, the medical which was dealt with by the authorities while the ancillary was privatised to competitory stamps from private companies ( inexpensive bidders win ) . It was assumed that competition would increase efficiency, cut down costs, create societal justness in order for everybody to acquire equal intervention and subject medical behavior. But all this did non work out as planned. For illustration infirmaries were non decently cleaned taking to an addition of infections like Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus skin infection ( MRSA ) and Clostridium Difficile ( CDF ) . It can be argued that the Thatcher s politically influenced policy reforms were taking at denationalization through the creative activity of market which is contrary to the foundation rules of NHS which are free at the point of bringing. This statement leads one to oppugn whether Thatcher had prepared the NHS for these extremist reforms. But besides one admirations if the authorities had planned how the hapless would entree NHS services without being excluded on fiscal virtue. King ( 2005 ) asserts that there was no immediate inspection and repair of the NHS in order to render it compatible with and complementary to these new values as it encouraged greater usage of private wellness attention while from 1983, wellness governments were required to contract out domestic, catering and laundering service. In relation to poorness and inequality, it can be argued that this policy created unemployment for those who lost their occupations during the denationalization and besides those who could non afford to pay for private wellness attention ; they were excluded from accessing the services. However, Haus argues that Margaret Thatcher saved the British economic system by conveying both the rising prices and unemployment under control and by making a more dynamic private sector they called a 3rd manner that combines the best facets of the socialist committedness to equality and market economic system. But to her oppositions, Haus says that they viewed her policies as new jobs and exacerbated bing 1s by widening the spread between rich and the hapless and by leting public services to deteriorate ( Haus 2009 ) . Much as the denationalization policy appears controversial from Haus position, the component of commanding rising prices and salvaging the British economic system from the 1980 s depreciation implies that there were economic drivers that influenced Margaret Thatcher to reform the policies. This statement is supported by Alcock. He states that societal policy development is besides closely dependent upon the economic construction of the society and upon the economic growing within it ( Alcock s 2008: p.198 ) . One of the new Labour s chief aims when elected in 1997 was to do important betterment in the NHS and in line with that the NHS was to be rebuilt. The authorities put frontward its programs in a White paper. ( The new NHS Morden reliable Department of Health 1997 ) . Following the publication of the white paper on the NHS in 1997 and a assorted other audience papers, broad runing wellness reforms were discussed which led to the Heath Act 1999. This Act brought cardinal alterations in the NHS. The internal markets which were introduced by the Thatcher authorities in the 1990 s were replaced by a new policy which encouraged co-operation and partnership between wellness services and between the NHS societal services and other attention suppliers. In 2001 primary attention groups were established in every country of England with the purpose of running the wellness services. The primary attention groups were formed by local groups of physicians and nurses, theses administrations were to supervise the bringing of primary wellness attention to the local community through household physicians. They besides directed resources available to the NHS trust and other wellness service administration ( Blackmoore, 2003 ) . The wellness Act 1999 together with the wellness Act 2001 led to the debut of the Primary Care Trusts which were meant to run wellness and societal service jointly. Harmonizing to Downey ( 2001 p 34 ) the wellness and societal Act of 2001 led to a extremist shingle up of the societal service neer seen in three decennaries . The Labour authorities under Tony Blair made important alterations to the physicians contracts due to economic factors, chiefly restrictions of the capitation system in GP support. Alternatively it introduced what was termed as modern contracts for GPs and infirmary physicians. The contracts were to be quality based and physicians were paid on status upon making certain public presentation marks. GPs were required to run into specified betterments in preventive attention every bit good as quality of their services to patients. The General Practitioners ( GPs ) were budgeted and were expected to work within those budgets to run into the demands of their patients . They were rewarded if they managed to work within their budgets and given extra money for running wellness promotional clinics. They were to shop around for the cheapest supplier for their patients. However as they were loath to accept patients who would run out on their budgets therefore attention for the people who needed it most in most instances suffer. Shaun et Al ( 2001 ) . Inspection of the wellness service was introduced together with the cardinal ordinance. This meant that the wellness attention criterions and wellness service bringing were to be monitored by an administration known as the national institute for clinical excellence. This organic structure was to make up ones mind which drugs and new interventions are to be available to patients free on the NHS. In line with the above, another regulative organic structure was set up. It was known as the Commission for Health Improvement ( CHI ) . This organic structure was to inspect the criterions of infirmary and primary attention. In fact this organic structure was meant to move as Ofsted in supplying league tabular arraies of schools and colleges but for CHI it created hospital public presentation conference tabular arraies by printing patients endurance rates after assorted infirmaries and operations. In contrast nevertheless, the publication of conference tabular arraies with ranking of public presentation, make negative impact to the primary attention trusts and infirmary located at the underside of the tabular array that they provide worst services. It besides creates negative impact on the public trust and professional lesson because staff may be demoralised in making its maximal potency for better services if their infirmary is considered to be under executing. Again the usage of conference tabular arraies do non truly reflect the quality of infirmary intervention, because they include a little figure of cardinal clinical countries and uncertainty go into item about the procedure of attention. What they truly show is the effectivity of trust s direction squad instead than criterion of clinical attention. More so, even if patients are cognizant of their local infirmary public presentation, they have no pick approximately where to acquire better intervention because infirmary r eferrals are decided by GPs. In 1997, the labour authorities under Blair recommended a public assistance reappraisal. However, there was no effort to change by reversal the alterations made by Thatcher and accepted that there can be no return to the Aureate Age . The chief public assistance proviso that Labour introduced is called WELFARE TO WORK, A NEW DEAL. It was aimed at assisting groups particularly immature, solitary parents and long-run unemployed who rely on benefits, to happen work and support themselves. Labour s attack was to happen a 3rd manner between the Aureate Age public assistance province and the conservative alterations. The authorities introduced a minimal pay to busywork more attractive than claiming benefits. The Blair authorities did a batch to better the NHS and in 2002 Blair staked the hereafter of his authorities to better the NHS. The distribution of wealth in Britain saw a figure of statements, which were about equality, and the impact of public assistance province on assorted sectors in society. Capitalist do non fund public assistance systems as the workers pay for it through direct revenue enhancement ; they pay for their ain wellness. Poor people carry far more of the revenue enhancement load in existent footings than the wealthy because the cost of the indirect revenue enhancement such as VAT on points such as beer and coffin nails take a big part of their income ( Shaun et al, 2000 ) the affluent benefits more the public assistance province than do the hapless such as revenue enhancement alleviation on mortgages. Socialist. The socialists argue that the public assistance of persons is the duty of the province. They argue for redistribution of income through revenue enhancement so that the rich can fund the public assistance of the hapless. They wish to alter the construction of the society to profit the hapless and bridge the spread between rich and hapless. The socialists argue in favor of cosmopolitan entree to public assistance and are opposed to aiming benefit. Liberals. They argue that public assistance is needed to back up capitalist economy and to back up the hapless. Writers such as Anthony Giddens, suggest that the province can non go forth some of the jobs to market forces to work out because these jobs are excessively large or excessively complicated.The progressives sort out jobs as they arise without either looking for them or leting any stiffly held positions act uponing common sense positions of the events. In decision public assistance province developed due to a figure of factors lending poorness, illness, high degrees of unemployment after the Second World War. The recommendations of the Beveridge study about the five evil giants influenced the authorities to present the public assistance province and to the subsequent alterations to the NHS.

Critical Thinking and Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking and Informatics - Assignment Example sent information to the patients is through dedicated websites that present general information to the patients regarding the ailments they are suffering from (Saba & McCormick, 2008). This tends to be a really creative way to extend education to the patients, going by the increasing internet usage in the contemporary times (Saba & McCormick, 2008). This is a very unique approach towards patient education because extending online education to patients tends to be replete with multiple and multi faceted possibilities. This approach allows the patients to browse the concerned website to get information about the most commonly understood health issues in the comfort of their own premises. The richness of content in such websites could further be increased by posting the relevant links to other friendly websites carrying the information required by the patients (Hebda & Czar, 2008). Hence, such approach towards patient education makes the patients feel more empowered and in control (Hebda & Czar, 2008). Besides the patients can choose to focus on the information that is presented in a more understandable format. The scope of such websites could tremendously be expanded by posting videos featuring physicians and nurses explaining and extending the required information to the patients through the usage of charts, graphs, models and other audio visual sources (Hebda & Czar, 2008). No doubt, such an approach engages the auditory and visual faculties of the patients, assuring a better understanding and retention of the information being conveyed. By posting these videos on the website, social media channels and YouTube, the health care professionals can enhance the ubiquity of this information, thereby extending the target, audience multiple platforms to access the information required by them (Hebda & Czar, 2008). One can also enable the patients to use such informative websites to register for receiving the relevant e-newsletters they can subscribe to, to enhance their

Islamic Fundamentalists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic Fundamentalists - Essay Example From a NATO perspective, the Cold War has given way to the War on Terror (Baylis & Smith 2005). Today, developed countries fear terrorist attacks from Islamic fundamentalists, while many in the Middle East fear amoral, mindless consumerism and even bellicose, forcible takeovers spawned from developed countries. A phenomenon emerged from Afghanistan appeared on the world stage in the mid 1990s introducing yet another new term (like fatwa a few decades back) to world journalism: Taliban (Brenda and James 2004, pg. 1). The word itself comes from talib, or student in Arabic, but in the West it took on the connotation of an extremist, fundamentalist, violent transnational terrorist group of young Muslim fanatics. They were initially a response against the local criminals in Afghanistan after the extraction of Soviet troops and the conquest of American-and-Pakistani-supported mujahedeens over the Soviet-supported Afghani administration in Kabul in 1992 (Ahmad 2006). It was formed by a small number of Islamic priests who belonged to Pakhtuns, the dominant ethnic group both of Southern Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan. Based in Kandahar in South-Western Afghanistan, the Taliban increased critical support from Pakistan's influential intelligences, whose incentive was in part to stabilize the trucking routes to Central Asia. With that assistance, the Taliban transformed some early Robin Hood-like actions in opposition to the warlords into a messianic goal to transform all Afghanistan in line with a particularly fundamentalist Islamic vision. The Taliban were a major force in Afghan politics. There were neither tribal chiefs nor members of the royal families who once held sway. Mostly belonging to one ethnic group, male and young, narrowly minded trained in Pakistan's religious seminaries and burning with a desire to impose southern towns of Afghanistan before capturing Kabul in the late 1990s and established a harsh and uneasy control over most of the countries (Brenda and James 2004). As they were predominantly Pukhtun in their ethnic background and they tended to target non-Pukhtuns the latter remained rebellious especially in Northern areas. The official orders of the Taliban against women - they should be covered in public, immediately return to their homes and leave their jobs - and the total banning of television convinced the world that here was a primitive form of Islamic fundamentalism which the Iranian variety appear benign (Brenda and James 2004, pg. 134). It sent shivers down the spine of the rich elite in neighbouring Pakistan in case the Taliban germs spread south (pg. 135). By the late 1990s although the killings continued Afghanistan had an uneasy truce punctuated by acts of violence and anarchy. But a civil society and government structure were still far from forming. Relations with outsiders remained prickly. There was a constant friction with United Nations agencies as the Taliban, with little idea of modern statehood, interfered with their running until many packed up and left Kabul in exasperation (pg. 138). The moment that the Twin Towers in New York fell, Islam and terrorism became inextricably linked. As an example, there was the sensationalized reporting of the aid worker John McClintock, a convert to Islam, as the 'Tartan

Why incentive plans cannot work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why incentive plans cannot work - Essay Example We will be summarizing the main points of the article below. The article by Kohn (1993) questions the assumption that rewards or incentives can do no good for the performance of employees. The article is not accepting the basic psychological assumption that underlines any incentive plan, and an explanation is given as to why incentive plans cannot work. The system of giving rewards to employees is criticized because of the ill founded assumptions. Implementation of incentive plans have been criticized previously but the philosophy behind rewards and incentives was not questioned. The empirical evidence against reward is seen as a problem with implementation rather than that of philosophy of incentive plans. The argument given forward by the article is that rewards and incentive plans only yield temporary compliance of employees. Incentives, according to the article, do not increase the productivity or working potential of a person for a longer period of time. Rather rewards only force employees to comply with the organizational needs on a temporary basis. This effect is not at all a long term thing, and the world seems to be oblivious of the fact because of the limited research work on incentives. Studies on incentives and rewards are many but they seem to put forward the basic psychological relationship between reward and work. For many decades now this assumption has not been challenged in studies. This is why people have failed to realize that reward and incentive plans only breed temporary compliance. Rewards and inventive plans are known for changing the attitudes of people towards something but the author contends that the effect of reward is not different than that of punishment. The effect of reward only temporary changes behavior and as soon as the effect of reward fades away, the behavior reverts back. This means that there is not intrinsic change in a person’s belief or attitude due

The Strategies Of The Nestle Marketing Practices

The Strategies Of The Nestle Marketing Practices The main aim of this assessment is much focused on the critiques and the strategies of the Nestle marketing practices in Africa in the past. The marketing strategies pursued by Nestle in markets in the developing Global Market are also analysed. The discussion towards the ethical concerns raised by these Marketing strategies. The Incorporative Study of the international ban and the evidence on compliance based on Nestle is been performed on a wide range of research with the influence of the reports available from various sources. The analysis of Consumer boycott towards Nestle products  and its impact over the past with relevance to the Africa incident. The study will also greatly focus towards the Nestle boycott- Nestle practices over the free samples to hospitals and kids in poor countries like Africa, we will also emphasize and analyse their critiques due to these practices. Objectives The main ailment of this assessment are been nailed towards the strategy study of the Consumer Boycott Nestle over the incident of Africa. The Global business strategy and the criticism of Nestle are been greatly focused through which we are able to analyse on a wider perspective for descripting the clear picture of various crisis. The progression of the research there by will be further discussed in order to provide a robust recommendation which may yield the marketing strategy aid the strength and prevent the ruin of various problems in the marketing practices on a general perspective. The conclusion will there by effectively hold a hand for providing the better influence of the better marketing strategy based on Nestle on a general perspective. Focus of Study The focus of this study are been greatly emphasized on the learning strategies towards the marketing practices of Nestle and also their implementation of new products in the underdeveloped and the developed country thus leading to the global strategy. The progression of the research there by will be further discussed in order to provide a robust recommendation which may yield the marketing strategy aid the strength and prevent the ruin of various problems in the marketing practices The study will emphasize the better marketing practices. the project guidelines, you will still be expected to demonstrate  knowledge and understanding of a wide range of economic and analytical skills that apply to the study of international business, and more specifically in your case, of theoretical marketing issues as they have been deployed in the Nestle Boycott case study. Brief Introduction and History of Nestle The Nestle has been established and founded in Switzerland around 1866 by Heinrich Nestle the base of the business was identity of the Milk food products. The major concentration of the business where been nailed towards the infants further they look forward and established their business in the developing countries. The Nestle has started their marketing practices in the Africa since late 1980s and Nestle have improved their marketing strategy and the promotion in to their practices of day to day life where they have tend to widen their opportunities in improvising their marketing strategy throughout the Africa. The Nestle concentration is completely been focused towards the Food products. The Nestle food manufacturing products include coffee and other dairy products. The Nestle established nearly 27 factories in and around Africa more over the 11500 employees have been engaged for the manufacturing unit, Nestle also included 50000 suppliers in to their integration of supply chain u nits. The food quality and the social improvements are the two main core principles of the Nestle in emphasizing their business and the marketing practices. The Promotion activity is the act which has experienced them in the Africa in making a improvement in the Baby milk powder over the Africa. The social frame work and the manufacturing of high quality products have been frame worked in Nestle principles. The developments are been much sustainable in Nestles case where the initiatives of their business practices have been expanded over the regions of Europe as well. The major initiatives of the Nestle have been implemented over the developed countries for better integration and the development of the business. The Nestle established the Milk districts wherever they have established their business ensuring their quality also concerning their Global strategy and the development of the business (Boycott Nestle, 2010). Examination of the marketing strategies pursued by Nestle in markets in the developing Global Market The Global strategy of the Nestle has been despite unsuccessful The Nestle had major failures in the Africa due to their promotional products of Nestle towards the Infants. The Nestle had faced major challenges in the 1990s due to major products which they launched and in efficient marketing strategies. The environment of the western nations has been increased with in a challenge around the Africa due to the large scale manufacturing on a supplier chain discounts and the promotional offers. The price valuation has been applied drastically on the several products of Nestle in making their successful products around the Europe and other developed markets. The competition exist around the African region for several products and in the regions of Europe this has really influenced the Nestle to compete the competitors in a high level so they have decided to op for the promotional strategy towards the infants products in Africa. [Source: Boycott Nestle and other action to protect infant health, (2010) [online] (cited 5th December 2010) Available from ] The Nestle has always focused on the Developing and the underdeveloped countries recently they have targeted the China and the India for making their business since the previous estimated population for the China on 2010 is 700 million and also targeting on the incoming levels they have been several opportunity to create in the large markets. The Nestle has Worldwide for several key brands The overall brands of the company has been reached over 8500 in that only few has been registered to business in those countries. The Nestle has established their network with the warehouses and they have wide spread the opportunity for more good supply with the developing markets. The marketing practices and the strategies of Nestle always faces the challenge in the African regions especially recently they have faced a major challenge in the Nigeria due to the polluted water and also on top of it they have the challenging hygienic conditions for their environment (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2008). The research and the development operation have been specialized with in the Nestle over the years since they have been specialized and concentrating more on commercializing their food stuffs and innovation has been touched everywhere in their marketing practices and in terms of their food products as well. The SBUs have been concerned with the managers and the region in terms of perceiving their long term development with respect to the projects and technology (Cowe and Roger, 1999). Brief Analysis and Discussion towards the ethical concerns raised by these Marketing strategies Nestle boycott- Nestle has made several practices in issuing the free samples to hospitals and the infants in the poor countries like Africa and the other regions of Africa ,The real intention of the issuing with the free samples is to promote their products based on which they want the customers to get habituated with the products so that they will have a good business over the regions with the infants and other products. In some cases the people have been influenced and often forced to consume the products. In some cases they have been sold the products out of compulsion for the infants. The IBFAN criticized nestle for distributing the free samples of milk powder to hospitals and maternity wards in many countries like Africa and other developing countries. The Nestle has done these promotional practices of infant products often nestle milk powder this was been the key measure for the Nestle in leading to further disaster.The campaigns were conducted against nestle for preventing th e further promotion and to stop delivering the marketing practices of Nestle in the market though Nestle should have considered themselves to make the effective ease of marketing practices for the better improvement of their business with the infant products.The failure in instructing the people with the sanitation methods for preparing the bottles was also being a major reason in death of many infants and leading to the criticism. There are several people who are unaware with the exact method of the steps in preparing the milk using the Milk product from nestle as the failure in providing the preparation procedures were not given in the regional languages. The IBFAN criticized nestle for distributing the free samples of milk powder to hospitals and maternity wards in many countries like Africa and other developing countries. The progression of the research there by will be further discussed in order to provide a robust recommendation which may yield the marketing strategy. The thorough critique of Nestlà ©s marketing strategy for baby milk powder in the developing world.  This marketing strategy of nestle indeed faced many criticisms and ethical concerns as a serious concern and the regular addressing of these issues in Africa and other regions the Nestle has been prolonged with a Ban on the infant products and other major goods supply. The campaigns were conducted against nestle for preventing the further promotion and to stop delivering the marketing practices of Nestle in the market, based on Nestle- boycott (Rapoport, 1994).    Incorporative Study of the international ban and the evidence on compliance based on Nestle The major evidence of compliance has been addressed in Africa due to the marketing practices of the milk powder issued in the Africa. The Africa being a underdeveloped and known for its poverty, Nestle have concentrated on the Infant milk products where they have addressed the parents having less breastfeeding habits more over they have not having sufficient nutrition for their infants hence they have promoted the milk products which will give the nutrition for the infants based on regular usage. The people are not aware about the ratio on which they need to mix the infant milk products although hey have promoted the products on behalf of Nestle they have failed to instruct the people as they have been known as the illiterates un aware of the usage towards the milk products though they have been instruction available in English. The actual scenario of the Nestle Milk powder is that needed to be mixed in water the worst case of the Africa is that they fail to have the availability of pure water rather they have the contaminated water all around including the ground water. This is very common that the poor countries often have the failures in the clean water supply and also availability of the non-adulterated food (Sillivan, 1998). The milk product from the Nestle has been feeded to the infants has been practiced with the contaminated water although the milk also become contaminated further been consumed by the infants where they have been severely affected with many incurable diseases and often leading to death etc. The children who has consumed it has been leaded towards the serious diseases. This marketing strategy of nestle indeed faced many criticisms and ethical concerns as a serious concern and the regular addressing of these issues in Africa and other regions the Nestle has been prolonged with a Ban on the infant products and other major goods supply. The campaigns were conducted against nestle for preventing the further promotion and to stop delivering the marketing practices of Nestle in the market The failure in instructing the people with the sanitation methods for preparing the bottles was also being a major reason in death of many infants and leading to the criticism. The many mothers are also un-aware with the exact method of the steps in preparing the milk using the Milk product from nestle as the failure in providing the preparation procedures were not given in the regional languages. The IBFAN criticized nestle for distributing the free samples of milk powder to hospitals and maternity wards in many countries like Africa and other developing countries. The Nestle has done these promotional practices of infant products only with the hospital for a free basis. Once they have decided to leave the hospital the issuing of milk powder were been stopped to provide free whereas on the other hand the supplements has been already started working with the children the family continues to buy the formula again this has been a reason for heavy Un ethical practices of nestle or even termed to be the un ethical strategy of nestle. The IBFAN accused nestle for offering the sponsorships and gifts to the health workers for promoting the nestle milk powder (Monroe, 1999). Analysis of Consumer boycott towards Nestle products  and its impact After the incident of the Nestle Boycott Incident in the Africa based on the Milk powder they have finally met their protestors since they have decided to modify their business practices in four main perspectives. The restriction were included with the distribution of the free samples. The Nestle labels were been identified and being the benefit of the breastfeeding and later they have been the emphasized for the bottle feeding. The promises of the hospitals and relevance towards their product and code were aided with the codes of world health organization (WHO). The infant formulaes were been agreed to promote in the markets based on the professionals with proper training and related to the terms of policy in the specified environment. the Infant milk products where they have addressed the parents having less breastfeeding habits more over they have not having sufficient nutrition for their infants hence they have promoted the milk products which will give the nutrition for the infa nts based on regular usage. The people are not aware about the ratio on which they need to mix the infant milk products although they have promoted the products on behalf of Nestle they have failed to instruct the people as they have been known as the illiterates un aware of the usage towards the milk products though they have been instruction available in English. The actual scenario of the Nestle Milk powder is that needed to be mixed in water the worst case of the Africa is that they fail to have the availability of pure water rather they have the contaminated water all around including the ground water. This is very common that the poor countries often have the failures in the clean water supply and also availability of the non-adulterated food (Kline, 2005). The milk product from the Nestle has been feeded to the infants has been practiced with the contaminated water although the milk also become contaminated further been consumed by the infants where they have been severely affected with many incurable diseases and often leading to death etc. The IBFAN criticized nestle for distributing the free samples of milk powder to hospitals and maternity wards in many countries like Africa and other developing countries. The Nestle has done these promotional practices of infant products. The children who has consumed it has been leaded towards the serious diseases. This marketing strategy of nestle indeed faced many criticisms and ethical concerns as a serious concern and the regular addressing of these issues in Africa and other regions the Nestle has been prolonged with a Ban on the infant products and other major goods supply. The failure in instructing the people with the sanitation methods for preparing the bottles was also being a major reason in death of many infants and leading to the criticism. The many mothers are also un-aware with the exact method of the steps in preparing the milk using the Milk product from nestle as the failure in providing the preparation procedures were not given in the regional languages (Kline, 2005). The campaigns were conducted against nestle for preventing the further promotion and to stop delivering the marketing practices of Nestle in the market. The Breast feeding is often being known to be the safest way in order to build the strength and aid the infants with the essential nutrients, it is the best way for proving the nutrition where it aids the protection them from bacteria and other infection. This has been an often crucial stage emphasizing their development. The well replacement known method for the replacement with the bottle feeding more over they tend to carry in engaging the greater risks over the contaminated water practiced for the infants towards feeding and risk of avoiding the sterilizing equipment. The breast milk often known as the substitutes and same kind of products which includes fruit juices. The infant cereals being a major promotion with advertisements in order to attract the infants (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2008).   Recommendation The IBFAN has decided to Ban Nestle for their irrelevant marketing strategies this kind of strategies and more authority should be concerned for monitoring the kind of activities ensuring the health and safety. The well trained professions are needed to be trained in an effective manner is much crucial for emphasizing the best of marketing strategies ensuring the safety for the people and also improvising the sales of the products in the market. The Nestle Boycott has often being engaged in the promotion activity with the hospitals, more often the promotion should be based on the peoples interest and also based on their training basis so that many issues can be highly prevented. The campaigns were conducted against nestle for preventing the further promotion and to stop delivering the marketing practices of Nestle in the market. The failure in instructing the people with the sanitation methods for preparing the bottles was also being a major reason in death of many infants and leadin g to the criticism. The Milk product from nestle as the failure in providing the preparation procedures were not given in the regional languages. The IBFAN criticized nestle for distributing the free samples of milk powder to hospitals and maternity wards in many countries like Africa and other developing countries. The yield of the marketing strategy aid the strength and prevent the ruin of various problems in the marketing practices Alternatively after all the bans they have been more successful understanding the nature of the place and condition. Conclusion In order to conclude as we have discussed the marketing strategies and the business practices of Nestle has been under several issues addressed though they have been initialized with their marketing plans. The marketing practices of Nestle and also their implementation of new products in the underdeveloped and the developed country thus leading to the global strategy. The IBFAN accused nestle for offering the sponsorships and gifts to the health workers for promoting the nestle milk powder this was been the key measure for the Nestle in leading to further disaster.The campaigns were conducted against nestle for preventing the further promotion and to stop delivering the marketing practices of Nestle in the market though Nestle should have considered themselves to make the effective ease of marketing practices for the better improvement of their business with the infant products.The failure in instructing the people with the sanitation methods for preparing the bottles was also being a major reason in death of many infants and leading to the criticism. There are several people who are unaware with the exact method of the steps in preparing the milk using the Milk product from nestle as the failure in providing the preparation procedures were not given in the regional languages. The IBFAN criticized nestle for distributing the free samples of milk powder to hospitals and maternity wards in many countries like Africa and other developing countries. The progression of the research there by will be further discussed in order to provide a robust recommendation which may yield the marketing strategy aid the strength and prevent the ruin of various problems in the marketing practices Alternatively after all the bans they have been more successful understanding the nature of the place and condition for which they have been adapted in promotion and manufacturing of the products based on the requirements.

expatriate failures :: essays research papers fc

EXPATRIATE FAILURES â€Å"The internationalization of business has proceeded at a rapid pace as the world has become a global economy.†(Mathis, Jackson 2000) This is the very reason why companies now have the need for international executives. As all aspects of a business spread worldwide, so must the employees. An expatriate by definition is a home-county national, usually an employee of the firm, who is sent abroad to manage a foreign subsidiary. (Rodrigues, 2001) A successful expatriate generally requires an extensive amount of time and money, however, a failed expatriate can be even more costly for an organization. A study of multinational corporations showed that 69% (of the firms surveyed) had recall rates of expatriates between 10 to 20 percent. Compared to Japan and their figures, (86% of firms had less than 5% recall rate) the United States has room for improvement. (Tung, 1981) There are many reason for expatriates to fail and many differences between Japan and United States’ hum an resource management planning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main reasons why expatriates fail is due to the social and physical environments of the foreign country. Adaptation problems can effect the on-the-job effectiveness of the expatriate. Different value systems and living habits are a main cause of adaptation problems and the inability to communicate only worsens the problem. Lack of communication verbally and nonverbally can affect every aspect of a persons career and person life. If someone can’t communicate, imagine the difficulty of going to the bank, dealing with customers, and even going grocery shopping. In addition to the new surrounding environments, if the expatiates family can not accompany them or is not happy with the new living arrangements then it could result in separation anxiety. Humans need to feel secure in their environments and with all of these downfalls it is extremely difficult to accomplish. When an expatiate is not happy with their situation, it will reflect on their job p erformance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some other reasons for expatriates to fail are differences in the managerial and organizational principles. If a foreign country has different principles than the home-country than implementation can be very difficult. This also applies to objectives and policies. With such differences the expatriate may need to conform to the local situation. â€Å"If the expatriate manager’s authority is visibly constrained, his or her opportunity to establish and maintain an effective relationship with local associates is diminished.† (Rodrigues, 2001) An expatriate’s authority can appear constrained if the home office overcentralizes the decision making.

Humor in Stephen Crane’s “The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky” Essay

Stephen Crane’s short story â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky† is considered by many to be a masterpiece. One writer even called it â€Å"the greatest story ever written.† One of the reasons the story is so good is that Crane uses humor to make some serious points about people in general and the Old West in particular. In the first part of the story, Crane portrays Jack Potter and his new wife as humorous characters. Not only are they awkward with each other, but they are also completely out of place in the fancy railroad car that is taking them to the Yellow Sky. Crane makes us see them through the eyes of the condescending porter and the other passengers, who keep giving the couple â€Å"stares or derisive enjoyment†. Jack’s fear about how the people of Yellow Sky will react to his marriage is also amusing because we would expect a town marshal to be brave, not afraid of the people he is paid to protect. Part II presents another comical situation- a lone drunk is able to scare a whole town just because Jack Potter is away. This situation is especially funny because of an ironic contrast that the reader already knows about. The man the townspeople are depending on to protect them is the same man we have just learned is afraid to tell them he is married. Part II also includes the comical character of the unsuspecting traveling salesman, whose increasingly agitated questions about Scratchy Wilson set the state for the confrontation the reader knows will occur. Crane is in effect setting us up for the â€Å"punch line† of his story. First we hear about the raging, fearsome drunk who is terrorizing the town- and then we see him. In Part III we get a close look at this Scratchy Wilson, whom we are supposedly prepared for. At first glance, he does behave like a typical Wild West villain. However, we soon learn details about him that make him seem ridiculous. For one thing, he wears a shirt made by women in New York City and boots favored by little boys in New England, hardly the outfit we would expect an authentic Western villain to wear. In fact, these details are the reader’s first hint of what will develop as Crane’s major theme: that the West is no longer a terribly wild place. The lengths Scratchy goes to in order to frighten a dog also show him to be a bit ludicrous as a bad guy.  Scratchy may roar and bellow â€Å"terrible invitations† to fight, but Crane lets us know exactly how terrifying he really is: â€Å"The calm adobe preserved their demeanor at the passing of this small thing in the middle of the street.† In Part IV, Crane finally brings his two major characters together for a showdown that is comical because it disappoints our expectations. Facing Scratchy down without a gun, Potter proves to be just as brace as we have been led to believe, but as a villain, Scratchy turns out to be pretty easily subdued. Presented with the news of Potter’s marriage, he loses all his menace and sadly walks away. Ironically, he is defeated not by brute force or sheer courage but instead by â€Å"a foreign condition† that he does not understand. His world is suddenly turned upside down by Potter’s news. Ferocious, gun-toting drunks and the courageous town marshals who fight them are not supposed to have wives. Once the bride comes to Yellow Sky, the rules of the game are so different that Scratchy no longer knows how to play. According to one critic, Donald B. Gibson, the point of Crane’s story is that by the late 1800’s, the Wild West was dead, even though some people living there did not realize it. While Jack Potter has taken a big step toward adjusting to the changed world he lives in, Scratchy is simply befuddled by it. Gibson’s interpretation makes sense and it gets at the heart of the humor in Crane’s story. However, one cannot help but suspect that Crane is doing more than simply mocking the conventions of the Western. That would make his story a funny parody, but certainly not a masterpiece. Crane is also showing us what happens to a society in transition, a culture whose values are in a state of flux. A â€Å"simple child of the earlier plains†, Scratchy Wilson is an anachronism, a man who finds himself out of place historically. Luckily, he has the good grade and good sense to realize his predicament and walk away from what he cannot understand. But who knows- perhaps some day he’ll find himself a bride and bring her back to Yellow Sky.

The eNotes Blog Cozy Up with aClassic

Cozy Up with aClassic Who hasnt read a 1,488 page epic of the French Revolution and thought, there should really be a version of this for infants. Nobody. Finally, two brothers are filling the void of classic literature for children under the age of 3. Okay, all mockery aside this is actually seriously cute. (So cute I had to borrow the felt versions of Darcy and Bingley for the cover of our latest Kindle Fire competition.) Meet Cozy Classics: Brothers Jack and Holman Wang teamed up in 2012 to create Cozy Classics, an infant primer board-book series that adapts classic novels into twelve simple,   words that appear alongside photographs of handmade figurines. The brothers create the characters, sets, and props themselves through the painstaking process of needle-felting, a handcraft that involves the shaping of woolen fibers with a barbed needle. Each figure takes between eighteen and twenty-five hours to create. The first two titles- Herman Melvilles  Moby-Dick  and Jane Austens  Pride and Prejudice- were released this past November by Vancouver-based Simply Read Books; the next release, a cozy take on Victor Hugos  Les Misà ©rables, is forthcoming in April. Heres a glimpse of each of Cozy Classics titles so far, every page accompanied by its child-friendly  word. Though the series may be developed for children, I have to say these might be too adorable (and adultly ironic) not to pick up for myself. Look for them in an Urban Outfitters near you soon. Moby Dick Sailor Find Whale Pride and Prejudice Friends Mean Muddy Les Misà ©rables Poor Fire Sad To find out more about Cozy Classics, head to its website here. Still to come in Spring 2013, the Cozy version of War and Peace!

Granger Movement essays

Granger Movement essays On December 4, 1867, the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization founded by Oliver H. Kelley and six friends helped spark a long-awaited movement to help improve the social, economic and political status of farmers. The organization was originally founded for educational and social purposes and had 40,000 members. This secret fraternal society had mostly local branches, called Granges, in Minnesota, the hometown of the founder, Oliver Kelley. Its members were known as Grangers. The local Granges would meet in town halls. They were a way for farmer families to meet and socialize. In 1868, the movement spread to Illinois and the Granges eventually formed into political forums and grew as channels of farmer protest against economic abuses. Some of these abuses were the declining prices of farm products, the rising debts farmers owed to businesses and banks because of a vanishing grain market, the unfair freight rates forced on farmers by the railroads, and the purchase of land by the railroads formerly used by pioneer farmers as new farmland. In 1873, a National Depression set in. National railroads had to cut back on services, and because of their power, would secretly over-weigh the grain and charge farmers too much. Farmers had funded for much of the railroad construction in the 1850s, so the railroads also controlled the 14 main grain elevators in the country. The railroads did find themselves responsible for telling the farmers how much grain was in storage, so the debts grew as the grain crops vanished. Coops were formed to try and correct these abuses. They were successful in the establishment of grain elevators, mills and stores. By 1875, there were 850,000 members. As a result of all the members and the political forums, many political parties, such as the Reform Party and the Anti-Monopoly Party, were started in different states in the 1870s and 1880s. These parties succeeded in electi...

Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic Essay

Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic - Essay Example (Argument Rhetorical Mode, Draft Research Essay) Shawanna Moore American Intercontinental University Professor Judi Mobley ENG 105 Abstinence Offers New 2 Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic Jennifer Davis's mother picked her up early from school, and they rush to make it to Jennifer's gynecology appointment on time. In the examination room, as the doctor approaches them, her mother's fears are confirmed. Jennifer has a STD. Jennifer thinks out loud, "How could this ever be any worse" The Doctor looks at Jennifer and solemnly announces that she is also six weeks pregnant. Jennifer stares at the floor as her mother wrings her hands, sore from arthritis and tired from the work it takes to be a single mom. These types of situations can happen at anytime. By creating well-rounded, highly effective abstinence programs, educators have succeeded in reducing teen pregnancy rates and lowering the incidence of STDs. This scene is tragically played out countless times daily in every corner of the country. Jennifer did not mean to get pregnant, and she tried to avoid it. It was "just an accident". She practiced the "safe" methods that she was taught in her sex education class. Unfortunately for Jennifer, there was one method that was not covered in her class, which was the method of abstinence. Though sex education classes often fail to adequately cover it, abstinence has experienced an upsurge in popularity with students, educators, and schools. By itself, abstinence is a difficult challenge to any teenager's raging hormones, but when used as part of a larger program package it has been... " The Doctor looks at Jennifer and solemnly announces that she is also six weeks pregnant. Jennifer stares at the floor as her mother wrings her hands, sore from arthritis and tired from the work it takes to be a single mom. These types of situations can happen at anytime. By creating well-rounded, highly effective abstinence programs, educators have succeeded in reducing teen pregnancy rates and lowering the incidence of STDs. This scene is tragically played out countless times daily in every corner of the country. Jennifer did not mean to get pregnant, and she tried to avoid it. It was "just an accident". She practiced the "safe" methods that she was taught in her sex education class. Unfortunately for Jennifer, there was one method that was not covered in her class, which was the method of abstinence. Though sex education classes often fail to adequately cover it, abstinence has experienced an upsurge in popularity with students, educators, and schools. By itself, abstinence is a difficult challenge to any teenager's raging hormones, but when used as part of a larger program package it has been met with considerable success. Everyone should agree that we need to reduce the epidemic levels of STDs and unwanted pregnancies among our teenagers. Likewise, no one can make the argument that abstinence is not the world's most effective method of birth control.

Reports on Microbe and Antimicrobial Agent Essay

Reports on Microbe and Antimicrobial Agent - Essay Example In smears of exudates, Candida appears as a gram positive, oval budding yeast, 2-3 x 4-6 micrometer, gram positive, elongated budding cells in chains, or true hyphae. On Sabouraud’s agar incubated at room temperature, soft, cream-colored colonies with a yeasty odor develop. The surface growth consists of oval budding cells. The submerged growth consists of pseudomycelium. This is composed of pseudohyphae that form blastoconidia at the nodes and sometimes chlamydoconidia terminally. Among the principal predisposing factors to Candida infection are the following: diabetes mellitus, general debility, immunodeficiency, indwelling urinary or intravenous catheters, intravenous opioid abuse, administration of antimicrobials, and corticosteroids. A. Mouth: Infection of the mouth (thrush) occurs-mainly in infants and in AIDS patients-on the Buccal mucous membranes and appears as white adherent patches consisting largely of pseudomycelium and desquamated epithelium, with only minimal erosion of the membrane. Growth of Candida in the mouth is enhanced by corticosteroids, antibiotics, high levels of glucose, and immunodeficiency. B. Female Genitalia: Vulvovaginitis resembles thrush but produces irritation, intense itching, and discharge. Loss of an acid pH in the vagina predisposes to candidal vulvovaginitis. Acid pH is normally maintained by the bacterial flora in the vagina. Diabetes, pregnancy, progesterone, and antibiotic therapy predispose to disease. C. Skin: Infection of the skin occurs principally in moist, warm parts of the body, such as the axilla, intergluteal folds, groin, or inframammary folds; it is most common in obese and diabetic individuals. The infected areas become red and weeping and may develop vesicles. E. Lungs and other organs: Candida infections may be a secondary invader of lungs, kidneys, and other organs where a preexisting disease is present (eg, tuberculosis or cancer).